本文選題：農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展 + 金融支持��； 參考：《中國(guó)人民大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 改革開放以來(lái),我國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)成就舉世矚目。然而作為世界上最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家,我們并沒(méi)有解決好農(nóng)業(yè)問(wèn)題,“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題突出。從根本上解決“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題成為推動(dòng)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)、協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展和建設(shè)和諧社會(huì)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展、農(nóng)村繁榮和農(nóng)民富裕,需要多方面的支持,金融支撐至關(guān)重要。 金融支持不力是制約我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的主要瓶頸之一。與長(zhǎng)期實(shí)行重城輕鄉(xiāng)政策導(dǎo)致二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)應(yīng),我國(guó)的金融領(lǐng)域亦呈現(xiàn)出明顯的二元性特征:發(fā)達(dá)的、現(xiàn)代的城市金融和傳統(tǒng)的、落后的農(nóng)村金融同時(shí)并存。落后的農(nóng)村金融無(wú)法滿足農(nóng)民基本的生產(chǎn)和生活信貸需求。國(guó)有商業(yè)銀行從農(nóng)村撤出,只剩下農(nóng)村信用社獨(dú)力支撐局面;廣大的農(nóng)村幾乎享受不到政策性金融服務(wù)的恩澤;信貸供求嚴(yán)重失衡,只有少數(shù)農(nóng)戶能享受到正規(guī)金融部門提供的信貸服務(wù);信貸資源稀缺,農(nóng)村信貸服務(wù)尋租現(xiàn)象普遍。貸款農(nóng)戶除了要支付貸款利息,還要額外支付一筆獲得貸款的人情費(fèi)、好處費(fèi)。較低收益率的農(nóng)業(yè),無(wú)力承擔(dān)高成本的信貸服務(wù)。正規(guī)金融服務(wù)供給不足,農(nóng)民只能求貸于利率較高的民間金融,間接刺激了農(nóng)村民間金融的活躍,從而導(dǎo)致在農(nóng)村金融內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)正規(guī)金融組織與民間金融并存的二元結(jié)構(gòu),即我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融存在著“雙重二元性”特征。金融約束嚴(yán)重地束縛著農(nóng)民增收、農(nóng)村繁榮和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展。 中國(guó)的改革始于農(nóng)村,但農(nóng)村金融體制改革的步伐卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)滯后于整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的進(jìn)程,農(nóng)村金融的改革與發(fā)展出現(xiàn)多次反復(fù),城鄉(xiāng)金融的二元性加劇。自1979年開始陸續(xù)恢復(fù)和建立農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu),并進(jìn)行了農(nóng)村信用社和農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)改革。農(nóng)村信用社改革基本上是無(wú)果而終,而且積累了大量的不良貸款,經(jīng)營(yíng)虧損,難以為繼。農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)的商業(yè)化改革,導(dǎo)致我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)保險(xiǎn)發(fā)展出現(xiàn)萎縮局面。二十世紀(jì)九十年代中期,在國(guó)有銀行商業(yè)化改革的浪潮中,尤其是亞洲金融危機(jī)發(fā)生后,防控金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成為整個(gè)金融改革的目標(biāo),致使1996年提出的深化農(nóng)村金融體制改革的目標(biāo)再次被偏離。國(guó)有4大商業(yè)銀行紛紛撤出農(nóng)村,農(nóng)村信用社獨(dú)力支撐著農(nóng)村金融局面,農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展陷入困境。黨的十六大以來(lái),隨著一些重大的思想誤區(qū)的突破,建設(shè)新農(nóng)村目標(biāo)的提出,尤其是日漸顯現(xiàn)的農(nóng)村金融約束問(wèn)題,使得國(guó)家在農(nóng)村金融改革方面步伐加快、力度加大。2003年,農(nóng)村信用社改革全面展開;各地圍繞新一輪金融改革的要求積極探索、創(chuàng)新;2006年12月,銀監(jiān)會(huì)印發(fā)了《關(guān)于擴(kuò)大調(diào)整放寬農(nóng)村地區(qū)銀行業(yè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)入政策,更好支持社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村建設(shè)的若干意見(jiàn)》的通知,之后,涌現(xiàn)出村鎮(zhèn)銀行、小額貸款公司和農(nóng)村資金互助社等一批新型的農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)。這些新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn),打破了農(nóng)村金融市場(chǎng)由農(nóng)村信用社獨(dú)家壟斷的局面,農(nóng)村金融初現(xiàn)多元化的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)跡象。但是,農(nóng)村金融供求失衡的局面依然存在。從各地反饋出的信息看,新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)欠佳,存在著許多問(wèn)題。村鎮(zhèn)銀行吸收存款難,小額貸款公司因不能吸收存款存在發(fā)展的持續(xù)性問(wèn)題,農(nóng)民參與資金互助社積極性不高。這些新型的農(nóng)村金融組織還很稚嫩,無(wú)力與農(nóng)村信用社及大型的商業(yè)銀行抗?fàn)帯Ａ硗?新型的農(nóng)村金融組織除了資金互助社,都是商業(yè)性的機(jī)構(gòu),提供信貸服務(wù)的收費(fèi)較高,低收益的農(nóng)業(yè)難以承受。受利潤(rùn)驅(qū)使,這些金融機(jī)構(gòu)信貸投向的非農(nóng)化意識(shí)強(qiáng)烈。農(nóng)村金融改革并非是一個(gè)單純的市場(chǎng)化問(wèn)題,并不是靠市場(chǎng)化推進(jìn),就能解決農(nóng)村金融的根本問(wèn)題。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的弱質(zhì)性決定了農(nóng)村金融比城市金融具有“高成本”、“高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”的致命弱點(diǎn)。只有采取有力措施化解了農(nóng)村金融的“高成本”、“高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”難題,才能從根本上解決農(nóng)村金融面臨的發(fā)展困境。目前從國(guó)外的基本經(jīng)驗(yàn)看,建立完善的農(nóng)業(yè)政策金融服務(wù)和發(fā)達(dá)的合作金融是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家成功解決農(nóng)村金融支持問(wèn)題的主要作法。 農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的金融支持問(wèn)題是個(gè)世界性的問(wèn)題。就像“二元”經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)是每個(gè)國(guó)家發(fā)展的必經(jīng)階段一樣,金融的二元性也普遍的存在于各個(gè)國(guó)家的一定時(shí)期。經(jīng)濟(jì)的“二元”性必將導(dǎo)致金融的“二元”性,資金的逐利性驅(qū)使資本從低收益的傳統(tǒng)部門流向高收益的現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)。如果沒(méi)有國(guó)家的必要政策干預(yù)和介入,這種金融的“二元”性不會(huì)減弱,只能增強(qiáng),其結(jié)果會(huì)導(dǎo)致城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展差距進(jìn)一步拉大,強(qiáng)化經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的“二元”性。 金融支持是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家支持本國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)的重要手段。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的天然弱質(zhì)性和農(nóng)業(yè)作為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的戰(zhàn)略基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)地位,使各國(guó)都對(duì)本國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)行支持和保護(hù)。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家以其雄厚的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力具有了更強(qiáng)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展能力。他們通過(guò)對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)提供有力的金融支持及健全的社會(huì)化服務(wù)體系,增強(qiáng)本國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,成功解決了農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村、農(nóng)民問(wèn)題。發(fā)展中國(guó)家或因財(cái)力所限,或因政策不當(dāng),沒(méi)有對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)提供有力的金融支持,農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展問(wèn)題突出。借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家金融支持農(nóng)業(yè)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),總結(jié)一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家在“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題上的重大教訓(xùn),對(duì)完善我國(guó)的金融支農(nóng)體系,深化農(nóng)村金融改革,從根本上解決“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題極為必要。 二十世紀(jì)九十年代以來(lái),隨著“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題的突顯以及農(nóng)村金融改革的推進(jìn),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融空前關(guān)注,相關(guān)的研究著述甚多。國(guó)外學(xué)者關(guān)注中國(guó)的農(nóng)村金融改革,并根據(jù)中國(guó)的實(shí)踐素材,豐富他們的金融發(fā)展理論。國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者跟蹤金融發(fā)展理論的演變動(dòng)態(tài),即時(shí)評(píng)說(shuō),并與中國(guó)農(nóng)村金融的實(shí)際相比較,介紹發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家成功解決“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題、農(nóng)村金融問(wèn)題的著述較多。 遺憾的是以西方經(jīng)典理論為指導(dǎo)的發(fā)展中國(guó)家的農(nóng)村金融改革并不成功,西方一些著名學(xué)者為發(fā)展中國(guó)家開出的良方妙計(jì)并不靈驗(yàn),一些國(guó)際上公認(rèn)的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)在我國(guó)卻難以奏效。如發(fā)展農(nóng)民合作經(jīng)濟(jì)組織以及農(nóng)村合作金融,是國(guó)際公認(rèn)的解決“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),但不知為什么,中國(guó)的合作金融及農(nóng)村合作經(jīng)濟(jì)組織就是發(fā)展不起來(lái),已經(jīng)建立的,多是有名無(wú)實(shí),難以發(fā)揮為農(nóng)民服務(wù)的效力。建立完善的農(nóng)業(yè)政策性金融是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家解決農(nóng)業(yè)問(wèn)題的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)。但是,我國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)政策性金融服務(wù)效果卻難如人意。在梳理了西方經(jīng)典的金融理論以及廣泛涉獵了眾多學(xué)者的著述后,這些困惑依然沒(méi)有找到滿意的答案。借鑒國(guó)外經(jīng)驗(yàn)需要堅(jiān)持系統(tǒng)性原理,要為某些政策措施的推行創(chuàng)造系統(tǒng)性的環(huán)境條件。當(dāng)前,中國(guó)農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展最急需的系統(tǒng)環(huán)境就是建立政策金融與合作金融的有機(jī)配合關(guān)系。 當(dāng)前,我國(guó)總體上已進(jìn)入對(duì)農(nóng)村“多予、少取”,“工業(yè)反哺農(nóng)業(yè)、城市支持農(nóng)村”的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展時(shí)期。如何“多予”、“反哺”和“支持”?建立完善的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的金融支持體系是切入點(diǎn)。深化農(nóng)村金融改革,建立完善的農(nóng)業(yè)金融支持體系的對(duì)策思路是:㈠堅(jiān)持正確的改革目標(biāo)及原則。農(nóng)村金融改革應(yīng)以建立合作金融為基礎(chǔ)、政策金融為重要保障、商業(yè)金融為補(bǔ)充、充分發(fā)揮民間金融重要作用的多層次、不留服務(wù)空白的完善的農(nóng)村金融服務(wù)體系為目標(biāo)。注重法律手段、鼓勵(lì)金融創(chuàng)新、加強(qiáng)信用體系建設(shè)是農(nóng)村金融改革應(yīng)堅(jiān)持的重要原則。㈡加大政策金融支農(nóng)力度,完善農(nóng)業(yè)政策性金融制度。㈢扶持農(nóng)村合作金融組織發(fā)展,建立多層次的合作金融體系。㈣出臺(tái)相應(yīng)的激勵(lì)與約束政策,促使商業(yè)金融參與農(nóng)村金融服務(wù)。商業(yè)金融與政策金融應(yīng)有明確的界限分工,不應(yīng)讓商業(yè)金融承擔(dān)政策金融職能。㈤規(guī)范、發(fā)展民間金融,充分發(fā)揮民間金融支農(nóng)的重要作用。對(duì)民間金融的規(guī)范發(fā)展,應(yīng)堅(jiān)持分類治理原則。 本論文在系統(tǒng)地梳理了農(nóng)村金融經(jīng)典理論、廣泛涉獵和繼承前人研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,全面分析了主要發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和個(gè)別發(fā)展中國(guó)家的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn),系統(tǒng)回顧了我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融改革歷程,深入分析了當(dāng)前我國(guó)農(nóng)村金融領(lǐng)域存在的主要問(wèn)題,以及農(nóng)村金融改革中存在的不足,提出了完善金融支農(nóng)體系的對(duì)策建議。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening - up , China ' s economic and construction achievements have attracted worldwide attention . However , as the largest developing country in the world , we have not solved the problems of agriculture and agriculture , and the problem of agriculture , agriculture and agriculture has become the key link in promoting the sustained , coordinated development of China ' s economy and building a harmonious society .



The lack of financial support is one of the main bottlenecks restricting agricultural development in China . In contrast with the dual economic structure caused by the long - term implementation of heavy - town light township policies , the financial field of our country has obvious duality characteristics : the developed , modern urban finance and traditional and backward rural finance coexist .



In the mid - 1990s , the reform of rural financial institutions has become more and more difficult . In the middle of the 1990s , the reform of rural financial institutions has become the target of the whole financial reform . Only by taking vigorous measures to resolve the " high cost " and " high - risk " problem of rural finance can solve the development dilemma of rural finance fundamentally . At present , it is the main practice of the developed countries to successfully solve the problem of rural financial support from the basic experience of foreign countries .



The financial support problem of agricultural development is a worldwide problem . Like the " duality " economic structure is the fundamental stage of every country ' s development , the duality of finance is common in the period of each country . The duality of the economy will inevitably lead to the " duality " of finance . The " duality " of the fund will drive the capital to flow from the traditional department with low return to the modern industry with high return . Without the necessary policy intervention and intervention of the country , the " duality " of the finance will not be weakened and can only be enhanced . The result can lead to the widening gap between the urban and rural development , and strengthen the duality of the economic structure .



The developed countries have provided strong financial support and sound social service system to strengthen the competitiveness of agriculture , solve the problems of agriculture , countryside and farmers .



Since the 1990 ' s , with the highlight of the problem of " three rural " and the advance of rural financial reform , scholars at home and abroad have made great attention to the unprecedented attention of rural finance in China . Foreign scholars pay close attention to China ' s rural financial reform and enrich their theory of financial development according to China ' s practice material .



Unfortunately , the reform of rural finance in developing countries guided by western classical theory is not successful . Some famous scholars in the West have been successful in solving the problem of agriculture . However , it is difficult to find satisfactory answers in China ' s cooperative financial and rural cooperative economic organizations . However , it is difficult for China ' s cooperative financial and rural cooperative economic organizations to play a role in solving the problem of agriculture .



At present , our country has entered the period of economic development of " multi - grant , less access " , " industrial reverse - feeding agriculture , urban support rural " in rural areas . It is an important principle that we should adhere to the correct reform goals and principles . We should focus on the development of rural financial reform and establish a multi - level cooperative financial system .



On the basis of systematically combing rural financial classical theories , extensive hunting and inheriting the previous research results , this paper comprehensively analyzes the successful experiences of the major developed countries and individual developing countries . The system reviews the course of rural financial reform in China , analyzes the main problems existing in the rural financial sector in China , and puts forward some countermeasures to improve the financial support system .
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)人民大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：F832.3

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前4條

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2 王雪祺;金融支持北京市溝域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展問(wèn)題研究[D];首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué);2012年

3 李依霜;重慶市農(nóng)村金融體系問(wèn)題及對(duì)策研究[D];復(fù)旦大學(xué);2012年

4 何小晟;重慶村鎮(zhèn)銀行發(fā)展研究[D];重慶師范大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：1972411