【摘要】：立法是指各種法律形式的制定、修改和廢止。北宋的法律形式有《宋刑統(tǒng)》、令、格、式、例以及“編敕”和其它由各種法律形式混合編修而成的法典。北宋的立法就是這些法律形式的制定、修改和廢止活動。在帝制時代,王言為命,皇帝發(fā)布命令都是通過一定的文書形式來實現(xiàn)的,其立法亦然。在北宋,基于敕這一文書形式使用的廣泛性和頻繁性,就成為各種王言之制形式的代稱。 北宋政府用敕對《宋刑統(tǒng)》進行修改以適應(yīng)社會變化的需要,修改的方式有沖改《宋刑統(tǒng)》中的律文,也有沖改其中的敕條。北宋政府還用敕對《宋刑統(tǒng)》進行補充,主要采取制定“準律處分”、“以違制論”和“以大不恭論論”等類型的敕來補充《宋刑統(tǒng)》適用的范圍和對象。就敕與《宋刑統(tǒng)》的適用來看,北宋通過敕對《宋刑統(tǒng)》進行修改和補充,新定的敕具有優(yōu)先適用性,隨著越來越多的優(yōu)先適用新敕的制定,最后使得《宋刑統(tǒng)》成為一個原則性的基礎(chǔ)法典,而不是一個實用性強的法典。 北宋政府通過敕制定令、格、式條文,其語言表達形式主要有:著為令、著為格、著為式等,直接制定相應(yīng)的令格式條文。也通過敕對令、格、式條文進行修改,主要使用:著于令、著于式等方式,對相應(yīng)法典中令格式條文進行修改。北宋政府還將使用敕制定和修改形成令格式條文編成單項的令、格、式法典。 在北宋,例可分為政事裁處的例、刑事司法的斷例及其它的事例。這些例原本都是通過皇帝的敕作出的非立法性質(zhì)的裁斷,在裁斷作出后,出現(xiàn)了類似的情況,這些裁斷就被參照適用,并且又通過敕進行修改和規(guī)范,就成為定例,是皇帝意志的神圣性賦予這種普通政事裁斷以法律的屬性。北宋的例和敕的關(guān)系還有直接將行用既久的例制定為敕、修改例制定成敕以及將例制定成相應(yīng)的令格式形式。例的數(shù)量極為龐大,在政治生活中使用廣泛,在皇權(quán)時代基于皇帝的敕作出的例具有神圣性,對其后的相類似事項具有一定的拘束力,為了限制隨意將一些特別的裁處作為例去援用,北宋政府采取了在敕中規(guī)定“不得援例”的方式,以限制該裁處被援用的可能性。這些“不得援例”的特別裁處,主要是皇帝對親屬、重臣和身邊人的濫恩。北宋政府既想使用例處理政事,又想避免其副作用,就對例進行整理和編修,將例整理后配合律令格式使用,一般按照所編例的屬性,以該事項所屬的政府機構(gòu)來命名,主要有中樞機構(gòu)的例,刑事司法的斷例和其他政府機構(gòu)的例。 在北宋,幾乎每個皇帝在位期間都要整理敕。整理的方式有準立法性質(zhì)的編類“續(xù)降”,更多的是立法性質(zhì)的編修敕條。這種立法性質(zhì)的整理方式,在北宋前期主要是將敕編修為“關(guān)刑名”的“編敕”、將敕條按照屬性編為令典、格典和式典,以及編一州一縣一司一務(wù)的敕。即:敕、令、格、式分別編修。北宋中后期,隨著社會政治經(jīng)濟形勢的變化,將各種法律形式分別編修成為單項的法典,已經(jīng)不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)實要求,就有了諸如“敕式”、“敕令式”、“敕令格式”等將敕混合編修的整理形式。這些法律形式之所以能混合編修,根本原因在于它們都來源于敕。 通過敕制定、修改、廢止律、令、格、式、例這些法律形式,是北宋的立法活動的重要組成部分。北宋政府還將敕直接制定成為具有普遍適用性的法條。北宋立法型敕的制定要經(jīng)過議案的提出和審議,對議案的草擬和簽署以及頒布的程序。北宋立法型敕主要使用“自今”、“條約之”、“奏裁”、“著為定制”等類的語言表達方式,這些表達方式造就了北宋立法“參照適用式”、“準用式”、“沖改式”、“添附式”等立法技術(shù)特點。北宋的立法活動幾乎都是通過敕進行的,可將之稱為“以敕立法”現(xiàn)象。以敕立法對于北宋法制的完備具有重要作用,通過對以敕立法與北宋立法實施關(guān)系的考察,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)以敕立法在形成北宋立法完備性的同時也使得北宋的許多立法成為“具文”。北宋立法多成為具文表現(xiàn)在:本來已經(jīng)有了明確的制定法,卻還要進行重復立法、臣僚反復陳請要求立法和申明已定之法。北宋立法多成為具文的原因在于帝制時代以敕立法“當時為是”的根本特點,及以敕立法與北宋的官僚政治密切結(jié)合所致。
[Abstract]:Legislation refers to the enactment, amendment and abolition of various legal forms. The legal forms of the Northern Song Dynasty include the Song Penal Code, the decree, the case, the case, and the "compilation" and other codes compiled by various legal forms. The legislation of the Northern Song Dynasty is the enactment, modification and abolition of these legal forms. In the Northern Song Dynasty, based on the universality and frequency of the use of the instrument form, it became the pronoun of various forms of Wang Yan.
The Northern Song Dynasty government amended the Song Penal System with the help of the pinch to meet the needs of social change. The way of amendment was to change the laws and articles in the Song Penal System, and also to amend the pinch. The Northern Song Dynasty government supplemented the Song Penal System with the pinch, mainly adopting the types of "quasi-legal punishment", "violation theory" and "irreverence theory". The scope and object of application of "Song Penal System" are supplemented. As far as the application of "Song Penal System" and "Song Penal System" is concerned, the revised and supplemented "Song Penal System" in the Northern Song Dynasty has priority applicability. With more and more preferential application of "Song Penal System", the formulation of "Song Penal System" finally makes it a principled basic code, not a practical one. A code of law.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the government directly formulated the corresponding format of decrees through the formulation of decrees, cases and forms, which were mainly expressed in the form of writings, cases and forms. The use of imperial edict is made and amended to form the order, lattice, and code of format clauses.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the cases could be divided into administrative adjudication cases, Judicial Adjudication Cases and other cases. These cases were originally made by the emperor's enthronement of the non-legislative nature of the adjudication. After the adjudication was made, a similar situation appeared. These adjudications were referred to and applied, and then amended and standardized by the enthronement, and became statutes, which was the emperor's intention. The sacredness of the will endows this kind of ordinary political judgment with the attribute of law. The relationship between the case and the imperial court in the Northern Song Dynasty also included the formulation of the long-used case directly as the imperial court, the formulation of the amended case as the imperial court and the formulation of the corresponding order form. In order to restrict the arbitrary use of some special tribunals as examples, the Northern Song government adopted the method of stipulating "no case can be relieved" in the palace to limit the possibility of the tribunal being relieved. These "no case can be relieved" special tribunals, mainly the emperor's. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty not only wanted to use cases to deal with government affairs, but also wanted to avoid their side effects. It arranged and revised the cases and used them in accordance with the format of laws and decrees. Examples of other government agencies.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, almost every emperor in power had to arrange the collation. The collation method was quasi-legislative categorization of "continued surrender" and more of the legislative nature of the collation. In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, with the change of the social, political and economic situation, the various legal forms were compiled into separate codes, which could not meet the actual requirements, such as "Royal Form", "Royal Form", "Royal Form", "Royal Form", "Royal Form" and so on. The basic reason why these legal forms can be compiled and revised together is that they all originate from the uuuuuuuuuuuuu
These legal forms are an important part of the legislative activities of the Northern Song Dynasty. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty will directly formulate laws with universal applicability. The formulation of the legislative type of the Northern Song Dynasty should go through the process of proposing and deliberating the bill, drafting, signing and promulgating the bill. The legislative style mainly used the language expressions such as "from now on", "treaty", "memorial judgment", "authorship as customization". These expressions created the legislative technical characteristics of the legislation of the Northern Song Dynasty, such as "referential application", "quasi-use", "impulse reform" and "attachment". It is called the phenomenon of "Legislation by Extension". Legislation by Extension plays an important role in the perfection of the legal system in the Northern Song Dynasty. Through the investigation of the relationship between legislation by Extension and the implementation of legislation in the Northern Song Dynasty, we can find that legislation by Extension not only forms the perfection of legislation in the Northern Song Dynasty, but also makes many legislations in the Northern Song Dynasty "written". In the Northern Song Dynasty, the legislation was mostly written because of the basic characteristics of the imperial era and the close combination of the imperial legislation and the bureaucratic politics in the Northern Song Dynasty.
【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K244

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