【摘要】：本文通過對唐代自然災害的統(tǒng)計和梳理,并結(jié)合唐人對主要自然災害如水、旱、蝗、地震的認識,考察了唐代主要自然災害發(fā)生的區(qū)域、類型、頻率等時空特點,試圖通過對唐代自然災害的統(tǒng)計和分析,以及唐人對主要災種的認識等層面入手,揭示唐代自然災害的概貌和時人對災荒的認知及其限度；此外,本文還結(jié)合《永樂大典方志輯佚》的相關材料,對唐宋救災措施特別是義倉的變遷進行了初步考察,并結(jié)合唐代災荒與吏治的關系對唐代救災政策與民間救濟進行了探討,所獲得的認識大體如次： 通過對唐代自然災害的分期統(tǒng)計,本文注意到已有史籍所記錄的唐德宗朝以前的自然災害較之此后相對要多得多,這一現(xiàn)象并不是因德宗朝以后自然災害減少所致,而是與德宗朝前后各時期對自然災害的關注程度密切相關,即政局的變化或許是導致中唐以前和中唐以后有關自然災害之記錄發(fā)生多寡變化的原因之一。 通過對唐代自然災害的分區(qū)統(tǒng)計,本文發(fā)現(xiàn),有唐一代,不論是前期還是后期,關中一帶自然災害的記錄頗為詳備,這顯與該區(qū)為唐代重要的政治中心有一定的關聯(lián)。另外,從江南道、淮南道的自然災害統(tǒng)計來看,德宗朝以前和以后發(fā)生了顯著的變化。 通過對唐代主要災種如水、旱、蝗、地震的區(qū)域等時空分布特點的探討,本文還發(fā)現(xiàn)：唐代水災主要發(fā)生區(qū)域為關內(nèi)道、河南道、江南道,且主要發(fā)生在唐高宗、玄宗、憲宗、文宗時期；旱災發(fā)生的區(qū)域最多為關內(nèi)道,其次為淮南道,最少為隴右道,進而發(fā)現(xiàn)唐高宗、德宗、文宗三個時期為旱災的三個高發(fā)期；唐代蝗災有近半災次發(fā)生在黃河流域,且唐玄宗、唐文宗、唐懿宗三個時期為蝗災高發(fā)期,本文對其原因提出了若干判斷。 本文另就唐代地震災害的時空特點進行了探討,認為唐代的地震記錄在地域分布上極不平衡,這可能與各地文化發(fā)展程度有關,大抵是文化發(fā)展程度越高的地區(qū),保留下來的記載越多,反之,即少。同時,與政治中心所在地亦相關聯(lián)。 關于唐人對水、旱、蝗、地震的認識,本文認為唐人對主要災種的認識基本上仍然是所謂“天譴論”占主流,但另一方面與之對立的反“天譴論”的天觀也已形成；本文復據(jù)《永樂大典方志輯佚》的相關記載對唐代的義倉變遷作了初步探討,認為其極有可能是發(fā)展至宋代,與常平倉發(fā)生了一定的融合,抑或是設置時,依附于他倉。本文還附帶地對唐代的災荒與吏治之關系進行了分析,通過若干事例證實,唐代吏治的好壞與災荒的后果息息相關。
[Abstract]:Based on the statistics of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty and the understanding of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty, such as water, drought, locust and earthquake, this paper investigates the space-time characteristics of the occurrence of major natural disasters in Tang Dynasty, such as region, type, frequency and so on. Through the statistics and analysis of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty and the understanding of major disasters in Tang Dynasty, this paper tries to reveal the general features of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty and the cognition and limitation of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty. This article also combined with the relevant materials of "Yongle Dadao Local Records", has carried on the preliminary investigation to the Tang and Song Dynasty disaster relief measures, especially the vicissitudes of the Yichang, and has carried on the discussion to the Tang Dynasty relief policy and the folk relief in the light of the relation between the Tang Dynasty famine and the official administration. According to the statistics of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty, this paper notes that the natural disasters recorded before Tang Dynasty were much more than those before Tang Dynasty. This phenomenon was not caused by the reduction of natural disasters after the Dezong dynasty, but was closely related to the attention paid to natural disasters during the period before and after the Dezong dynasty. That is to say, the change of political situation may be one of the reasons why the records of natural disasters changed before and after the middle Tang Dynasty. Based on the statistics of natural disasters in Tang Dynasty, this paper finds that the records of natural disasters in Guanzhong area in the early and late Tang dynasties are quite detailed, which is related to the fact that the region is an important political center in Tang Dynasty. In addition, according to the statistics of natural disasters in Jiangnan and Huainan, Dezong changed significantly before and after the reign. Based on the study of the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the main disasters in the Tang Dynasty, such as water, drought, locust and earthquake, it is also found that the main flood areas of the Tang Dynasty are Guannedao, Henan Road, Jiangnan Road, and mainly occurred in Gaozong, Xuanzong and Xianzong in the Tang Dynasty. Wenzong period; most of the drought occurred in the area of Guan Nai Dao, followed by Huainan Road, and at least Longyou Road. Then it was found that the three periods of high incidence of drought were Gao Zong, Dezong and Wenzong in the Tang Dynasty. Nearly half of the locust disasters in the Tang Dynasty occurred in the Yellow River Basin. Tang Xuanzong, Tang Wenzong and Tang Yizong are three periods of high locust plague. This paper also discusses the temporal and spatial characteristics of the earthquake disasters in Tang Dynasty. It is considered that the seismic records of the Tang Dynasty are extremely unbalanced in regional distribution, which may be related to the degree of cultural development in various places, and the higher the level of cultural development is, the higher the degree of cultural development is. The more records remain, the less. At the same time, it is related to the political center. As for the understanding of water, drought, locust and earthquake, this paper holds that the understanding of the main disasters in the Tang Dynasty is still the mainstream of the so-called "scourge theory", but on the other hand, the opposite view of heaven against "the scourge of heaven" has formed. In this paper, the author makes a preliminary discussion on the changes of the Yicang in the Tang Dynasty according to the relevant records of the Local Chronicles of Yongle Dadang, and holds that it may have developed into the Song Dynasty, merged with the Chang Ping Cang to a certain extent, or when it was set up, it was attached to other storehouses. This paper also analyzes the relationship between famine and officials in Tang Dynasty, and proves that the good or bad governance of officials in Tang Dynasty is closely related to the consequences of famine.
【學位授予單位】：武漢大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：X43;K242

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本文編號：2219710