【摘要】：棉花灘水庫位于福建省龍巖市永定縣及上杭縣境內(nèi),屬于大型水庫,以發(fā)電為主,兼有防洪、水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖、航運等綜合效益。庫區(qū)屬于亞熱帶海洋性季風(fēng)氣候,干濕季節(jié)分明;庫區(qū)地下水主要為基巖裂隙水、構(gòu)造裂隙水、第四系覆蓋層中的孔隙水;裂隙性水分布于花崗巖、花崗閃長巖、粉砂巖等巖石的裂隙中;地下水由降雨及庫水補給,向庫區(qū)或河流排泄。棉花灘水庫庫區(qū)屬于中低山區(qū),整體地形復(fù)雜,地勢由西北向東南逐漸降低,區(qū)內(nèi)主要為由構(gòu)造形成的中低山地貌、剝蝕丘陵地貌、剝蝕殘丘地貌。庫區(qū)出露地層較單一,主要為前震旦系變質(zhì)巖、侏羅系火山碎屑巖、白堊系沉積巖、第四系殘坡積及沖洪積形成的松散堆積物�；鶐r巖性主要為花崗巖、花崗閃長巖、粉砂巖等,第四系覆蓋層主要為松散孔隙比大的砂土。庫區(qū)內(nèi)地震動峰值加速度為0.05g,相應(yīng)的地震基本烈度為VI度。研究對象是棉花灘水庫庫岸邊坡,研究的目標是水庫塌岸范圍,研究的重要意義是準確預(yù)測水庫塌岸的范圍,保證岸邊居民、交通設(shè)施等工程的安全。研究步驟是野外調(diào)查—查閱資料—室內(nèi)試驗—數(shù)據(jù)處理分析—公式推導(dǎo)。目前通過圖解法預(yù)測塌岸寬度較多,通過公式預(yù)測塌岸寬度的研究較少,且不成熟。通過研究再現(xiàn)棉花灘的水庫庫岸的橫向拓展破壞過程,根據(jù)水土相互作用的機理推導(dǎo)出基于水土平衡的塌岸預(yù)測公式,更加準確的預(yù)測水庫塌岸寬度。本文研究的技術(shù)路線是通過調(diào)查研究明確自然及地質(zhì)環(huán)境條件、塌岸特征、塌岸模式、塌岸影響因素等;在室內(nèi)進行棉花灘水庫塌岸的模擬實驗實驗,包括塌岸橫向拓寬機制模擬實驗和水位調(diào)度模擬試驗,其中塌岸橫向拓寬機制模擬實驗又分為單一破壞下和多處破壞下的塌岸橫向拓寬機制模擬實驗;通過設(shè)計多因素正交試驗推導(dǎo)塌岸公式,另一方面水土相互作用機理推導(dǎo)出基于水土平衡的塌岸預(yù)測公式。本文采用查閱資料、試驗?zāi)M、公式推導(dǎo)等研究方法。研究步驟是先野外現(xiàn)場調(diào)查、再查閱相關(guān)資料、接著在室內(nèi)進行相關(guān)試驗(塌岸橫向拓寬試驗、水位調(diào)度試驗、多因素單因素試驗)、然后分析處理推導(dǎo)出基于試驗的塌岸公式,此外根據(jù)水土相互作用推導(dǎo)出基于水土平衡的塌岸預(yù)測公式,最后選取典型剖面驗證。在野外調(diào)查過程中采用羅盤、皮尺等量測設(shè)備,試驗過程中采用卷尺、直尺、羅盤等工具。試驗過程采用相似試驗,即保證幾何相似、運動相似和動力相似、外部條件、物質(zhì)組成的相似性。本文的主要研究成果包括八個方面:(1)關(guān)于水庫塌岸的野外調(diào)查,在2014年至2017年期間,在中國東西部共調(diào)查了棉花灘水庫(福建)、水口水庫(福建)、富春江水庫(浙江)、灘坑水庫(浙江)、新安江水庫(浙江)、柘林水庫(江西)、龍開口水庫(云南金沙江)、黑龍?zhí)端畮?成都)、龔嘴水庫(四川)、銅街子水庫(四川)、三岔湖水庫(四川簡陽)、錦屏1級水庫(四川)、白云水庫(湖南)、威溪水庫(湖南)等共14個山區(qū)水庫,通過調(diào)查進一步認識到水庫塌岸的特征、模式,特別是棉花灘水庫具有典型的橫向拓寬破壞的特點,并且錦屏1級水庫白碉1-1’剖面具有和棉花灘塌岸類似的特征。(2)通過對龍開口水庫、灘坑水庫的長期監(jiān)測資料的搜集,為水庫塌岸預(yù)測公式的典型剖面驗證奠定基礎(chǔ)。(3)室內(nèi)的相關(guān)性試驗,具體有關(guān)于水庫塌岸橫向拓寬的機制和過程的模擬試驗(分為單一破壞的橫向拓寬的模擬試驗和多處破壞的橫向拓寬的模擬試驗)、水位調(diào)度的模擬試驗、單因素試驗、正交多因素試驗。(4)通過室內(nèi)模擬再現(xiàn)棉花灘庫岸發(fā)現(xiàn)先在局部形成局部破壞(縱向)再往兩側(cè)橫向破壞的破壞過程,與野外調(diào)查情況基本一致;出現(xiàn)單一的局部破壞的塌岸破壞速率比出現(xiàn)多處局部破壞的塌岸橫向破壞速率慢,主要是由于出現(xiàn)多處局部破壞的塌岸有多處破壞點,且在多處局部破壞接近貫通時未貫通部分左中右三向臨空,會收到左右兩側(cè)的疊加破壞,破壞速率明顯加快。(5)通過水庫調(diào)度的模擬實驗,進一步認識了水位調(diào)度對水庫塌岸的影響機理及原因;單因素試驗保持試驗高度(45 cm)、岸坡坡度(40°)、水位(30cm)、波浪浪高(1~2cm)不變,改變單一變量物質(zhì)組成材料—粘土、中砂、角礫型、粗顆粒,探索物質(zhì)組成對塌岸寬度的影響;多因素正交試驗,通過四因素(物質(zhì)組成、岸坡坡度、水位、波浪高度)三水平的正交試驗,得出九種組合類型下的塌岸寬度,為室內(nèi)試驗塌岸公式的推導(dǎo)奠定基礎(chǔ)。(6)根據(jù)四因素三水平正交試驗的結(jié)果,采用多元回歸的方法推導(dǎo)塌岸預(yù)測公式:S=2.5919e-2.886d(0.4189X1-0.2554X2+0.3348X3+14.3529X4),式中:S為水庫塌岸寬度(m),X1為岸坡坡角(°),X2為水位差(m),X3為波浪高度(cm),X4為d60(mm),d為相對密實度。(7)在水土相互作用機理、波浪過程的基礎(chǔ)上,以波浪回落過程作為研究過程,以垂直岸坡方向的受力方程式為基礎(chǔ),推導(dǎo)出含有波浪爬高R的受力方程式,并用推導(dǎo)的R值去修正卡丘金經(jīng)驗公式,得出基于水土平衡的塌岸預(yù)測公式:(8)通過基于水土相互作用的預(yù)測方法、多元回歸法、手冊法、庫岸結(jié)構(gòu)法四種方法對灘坑水庫的三個剖面進行驗證,得出的結(jié)果,基于水土平衡的預(yù)測結(jié)果更準確。由于水土平衡的塌岸預(yù)測公式是在均勻沙散粒體和粘性泥沙的基礎(chǔ)上,有一定的局限性。此外,由于目前水庫的監(jiān)測資料較少,可供驗證的剖面較少,需要進一步的驗證此公式的適用性,并且在大量的實例驗證中修正和完善此公式。
[Abstract]:The cotton beach reservoir is located in Yongding County and Shanghang County, Longyan City, Fujian Province, and belongs to the large-scale reservoir. It has the comprehensive benefits of flood control, aquaculture and shipping. The reservoir area belongs to the subtropical marine monsoon climate, and the dry and wet seasons are distinct; the ground water in the reservoir area is mainly bedrock fissure water, and the pore water in the Quaternary cover layer is constructed; and the fracture water is distributed in the fracture of the rock such as granite, granodiorite, siltstone and the like; The groundwater is supplied by the rainfall and the reservoir, and is discharged to the reservoir area or the river. The reservoir area of the cotton beach is a medium and low mountain area, the whole terrain is complex, the terrain is gradually reduced from the northwest to the southeast, and the area is mainly formed by the formation of the middle and low mountain landforms, the denudation hills and the landform, and the denudation and residual hill. The exposed formation in the reservoir area is relatively single, mainly for the loose deposits formed by the former Sinian metamorphic rock, the Jurassic volcanic clastic rock, the Cretaceous sedimentary rock, the Quaternary eluvial deposit and the alluvial and flood product. The lithology of the bedrock is mainly granite, granodiorite, siltstone, etc., and the Quaternary covering layer is mainly of loose-pore-specific sandy soil. The peak acceleration of the seismic peak in the reservoir area is 0.05g, and the corresponding earthquake basic intensity is VI degree. The research object is the bank slope of the reservoir bank of the cotton beach, and the research object is the reservoir collapse range. The important significance of the study is to accurately predict the scope of the reservoir collapse, and to ensure the safety of the shore residents, traffic facilities and other works. The research steps are the field investigation, the reference data, the laboratory test and the data processing analysis and the formula derivation. At present, by means of the graphical method, the width of the bank is predicted to be more, and the study of the collapse width is predicted by the formula, and it is not mature. By studying the process of the lateral expansion and destruction of the reservoir bank of the cotton beach, a bank-collapse prediction formula based on the balance of water and soil is derived according to the mechanism of soil and water interaction, and the collapse width of the reservoir is more accurately predicted. The technical route studied in this paper is to study the natural and geological environment conditions, the characteristics of the slump, the model of collapse and the influence factors of the bank collapse through the investigation and study, and the simulation experiment of the collapse of the cotton beach reservoir in the room, including the simulation experiment of the lateral expansion mechanism of the bank and the simulation test of the water level, In this paper, the simulation experiment of the lateral expansion mechanism of the bank collapse is divided into the simulation experiment of the lateral expansion mechanism of the bank collapse under the condition of single failure and multiple damage; the bank collapse formula is derived by the design of the multi-factor orthogonal test; on the other hand, the water and soil interaction mechanism is used to derive the bank-collapse prediction formula based on the water and soil equilibrium. In this paper, the data, the test simulation, the formula derivation and other research methods are used. The research step is to investigate the field first, then to consult the relevant data, and then carry out the related test in the room (the lateral expansion test of the bank collapse, the water level dispatching test and the multi-factor single-factor test), and then the analysis and treatment to derive the bank-collapse formula based on the test. In addition, on the basis of water and soil interaction, a bank-collapse prediction formula based on water and soil equilibrium is derived, and a typical cross-section verification is finally selected. In the field investigation process, a compass and an equal measuring device are adopted, and a tape measure, a ruler, a compass and the like are adopted in the test process. The test process adopts a similar test, namely, the similarity of the geometric similarity, the motion similarity and the power similarity, the external conditions and the substance composition is ensured. The main research results of this paper include eight aspects: (1) The field investigation on the collapse of the reservoir, during the period from 2014 to 2017, the cotton beach reservoir (Fujian), the water-gap reservoir (Fujian), the Fuchun River reservoir (Zhejiang) and the beach-pit reservoir (Zhejiang) were investigated in the western part of China during the period from 2014 to 2017. Xinanjiang Reservoir (Zhejiang), Shulin Reservoir (Jiangxi), Longan Reservoir (Jinsha River in Yunnan), Yintan Reservoir (Chengdu), Gongzui Reservoir (Sichuan), Tongjiezi Reservoir (Sichuan), Sanhe Lake Reservoir (Sichuan Jiyang), Jinping 1 Reservoir (Sichuan), In a total of 14 mountain reservoirs, such as the Baiyun Reservoir (Hunan) and the Weixi Reservoir (Hunan), the characteristics and modes of the reservoir collapse are further recognized, especially the characteristics of the typical lateral expansion and failure of the cotton beach reservoir. and (2) through the collection of long-term monitoring data of the long-term monitoring data of the long-opening reservoir and the beach-pit reservoir, the foundation is laid for the typical cross-section verification of the reservoir collapse prediction formula. (3) the indoor correlation test, in particular to a simulation test of a mechanism and a process for lateral widening of the collapse of a reservoir (divided into a single-destructive lateral-widening simulation test and a multi-destructive lateral widening simulation test), a simulation test of the water level scheduling and a single-factor test, The orthogonal multi-factor test. (4) The destruction process of the local damage (longitudinal) and the lateral destruction on both sides of the local formation of local damage (longitudinal) was found by indoor simulation, which was consistent with the field investigation. the collapse rate of the collapse of a single partial failure is slower than that of the collapse of the collapse of a plurality of local damage, The superposition and destruction of the left and right sides can be received, and the failure rate is obviously accelerated. (5) The influence mechanism and cause of the water level dispatching on the collapse of the reservoir are further recognized through the simulation experiment of the reservoir dispatching. The single-factor test keeps the test height (45 cm) and the slope of the bank slope (40 擄). Water level (30 cm), wave height (1-2 cm), change of single variable material composition, clay, medium sand, angular gravelly type, coarse particles, explore the effect of material composition on the collapse width; multi-factor orthogonal test, through four factors (material composition, bank slope gradient, water level, Based on the results of four-factor three-level orthogonal test, the method of multiple regression is used to derive the bank-collapse prediction formula: S = 2.5919e-2.88d (0.4189X1-0.2554X2 + 0.3348X3 + 14.3529X4), in which: S is the reservoir collapse width (m), X1 is the bank slope angle (擄), X2 is the water level difference (m), X3 is the wave height (cm), X4 is d60 (mm), and d is relative compactness. (7) On the basis of the soil and water interaction mechanism and the wave process, the wave falling process is used as the research process. On the basis of the force equation in the direction of the vertical bank slope, the force equation containing the wave climbing height R is derived, and the formula of the Calcion's empirical formula is modified by the derived R value to obtain the bank-collapse prediction formula based on the water and soil equilibrium: (8) The prediction method based on the water and soil interaction is adopted, The multi-regression method, the manual method and the bank-bank structure method are used to verify the three sections of the beach-pit reservoir, and the results obtained are more accurate on the basis of the prediction result of the water-soil equilibrium. There are some limitations. In addition, due to the low monitoring data of the reservoir and the less cross-section available for verification, it is necessary to further verify the applicability of the formula, and to correct and perfect this formula in a large number of case verification.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：成都理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TV221.2;TV697.33

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