【摘要】：平等與自由作為民主的內(nèi)在價(jià)值，二者之間的關(guān)系一直存在爭論，達(dá)爾從資源配置方式的角度來理解政治平等以協(xié)調(diào)二者之間的矛盾，他首先從多元權(quán)力出發(fā)，指出了權(quán)力的掌握者不僅有國家，而且還包括形形色色的組織，這些自治組織將自身所掌握的資源轉(zhuǎn)化為政治資源，從而擁有影響政府決策的權(quán)力，而影響力的大小則取決于政治資源分配，，在多元社會(huì)中，每一個(gè)組織都掌握著一定的資源，沒有任何一個(gè)組織能夠占據(jù)全部關(guān)鍵性資源以據(jù)有排他性影響力，這些組織所掌握的資源的分散化，不僅有利于自治組織中的公民積極參與政治生活，組織能夠保存自身的獨(dú)立性。同時(shí)，也利于組織對(duì)抗國家權(quán)力的干涉以及組織之間的不平等地位。達(dá)爾對(duì)政治平等的分析既包括理論的孜孜探討，也包括現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的描述，在現(xiàn)實(shí)政治生活中，由于政治資源配置的不均衡而造成了大量的不平等現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。面對(duì)著美國政治平等所面臨的來自市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)、危機(jī)、國家規(guī)模、國際體系的威脅，達(dá)爾除了鼓勵(lì)美國政府采取更多的降低政治不平等改革措施外，他意識(shí)到要想真正實(shí)現(xiàn)政治平等，就必須從目前的多頭政體走向理想的民主政體形式。針對(duì)弱勢(shì)群體和亞文化群體，達(dá)爾提出了經(jīng)濟(jì)民主和結(jié)盟民主設(shè)想；針對(duì)特權(quán)階層和主流文化群體，達(dá)爾認(rèn)為美國的公民文化取向由競爭型消費(fèi)主義向“公民身份”轉(zhuǎn)變，將有助于他們追求更好的政體形式和政治平等；而且，達(dá)爾還對(duì)美國憲法進(jìn)行了反思，他認(rèn)為美國憲政制度安排中存在著很多不平等的因素，通過批判，達(dá)爾希望人們能夠改變以往對(duì)于美國憲法的態(tài)度。
[Abstract]:Equality and freedom as the intrinsic value of democracy, the relationship between the two has always been controversial. Dahl understood political equality from the perspective of resource allocation to coordinate the contradiction between the two. First, he set out from the pluralistic power. It is pointed out that the holders of power are not only the state, but also various organizations. These autonomous organizations have the power to influence government decisions by converting the resources they possess into political resources, And the size of influence depends on the distribution of political resources. In a pluralistic society, each organization has a certain amount of resources, and no single organization can occupy all the key resources in order to have exclusive influence. The decentralization of resources possessed by these organizations is not only conducive to the active participation of citizens in autonomous organizations in political life, but also to the preservation of their own independence. At the same time, it is beneficial for the organization to resist the interference of the state power and the unequal status between the organizations. Dahl's analysis of political equality includes both theoretical discussion and description of practical experience. In real political life, a large number of inequalities occur due to the imbalance in the allocation of political resources. Faced with threats to the political equality of the United States from market economy, crisis, national scale, and international system, Dahl encouraged the US government to take more measures to reduce political inequality. He realized that to truly achieve political equality, he had to move from the current multitudinous to the ideal form of democracy. Aiming at the vulnerable groups and sub-cultural groups, Dahl put forward the idea of economic democracy and alliance democracy. In view of the privileged class and the mainstream cultural group, Dahl believes that the change of American civic cultural orientation from competitive consumerism to "citizenship" will help them to pursue better form of government and political equality. In addition, he also reflected on the constitution of the United States. He believed that there were many unequal factors in the arrangement of the constitutional system in the United States, and through criticism, he hoped that people could change their attitudes towards the constitution.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：D091

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